The Forgotten Field Of Occupational Therapy Field

Haley Buchanan English 102 Dockter November 9, 2016 The Forgotten Field The occupational therapy field is frequently being left behind in the health care field because most of the public is uneducated or unaware of the Occupational Therapy practice and the research that is involved. The public also has a few concerns of OT which include the time commitment to the program, the availability of services, the impact of the therapy on other family members, and the cost involved in continued care. While there are drawbacks to Occupational Therapy, the benefits of the practice outweigh them. The value and purpose of occupational therapy is to support the health and participation of clients by engaging them in their desired occupations. Occupations are activities that reflect cultural values, provide structure to living and meaning to individuals. These activities meet human needs for self-care, enjoyment, and participation in society. There are many different types of therapy used for people with disabilities such as autism, people with limitations from strokes , sicknesses such as cancer, and they can even help prevent childhood obesity. The different types of therapy can range from interventions all the way to dolphin assisted therapy, whatever the therapist finds appropriate. The similarity is that the Occupational Therapist will research and pick the most beneficial type of therapy to proceed with for that certain type of disability or problem that person is having. I believeShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Occupational Stress And The Stress1294 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Research as well as public perception has determined that police work is one the most stressful professions in the United States. This work will explore the influences of such occupational stress and the stress felt by the officer’s family members. Furthermore, this paper will attempt to address the question if there are significant differences due to gender. In other words, is there a different stress level felt when you are husband or wife of a First Responder. Finally, this work willRead MoreAnalysis of the Class Orientation to Psychology Essay1371 Words   |  6 Pagescollege experience thus far. Although I came into college confidently declared as a psychology major, I didn’t really know what this meant or entailed prior to taking this course. This course taught me valuable information about myself, about the field of psychology, and about how I can mold those two together. All that I’ve learned this semester in Orientation to Psychology helped me to form a coherent and positive understanding of who I am and how this identity fits into the world of psychologyRead MoreVirginia Henderson : A Modern Day Mother Of Nursing1255 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom Teachers College, in Columbia University. Coming from a long line of educators, it is not surprising that Virginia became the nursing icon that she is remembered as today. She labored to spread her message of practicality to all in the nursing field by writing Basic Principles of Nursing Care and Principles and Practices of Nursing. One of Henderson’s students, Edward Halloran, RN, MPH, PhD states that when Henderson wrote it was as if she was having a conversation with her reader. HeRead MoreDefinition and History of Industrial Psychology2947 Words   |  12 PagesIn fact it did not become fully productive until about the late 1920s. The industrial side of industrial psychology has its historical origins in research on individual differences, assessment, and the prediction of performance. This branch of the field crystallized during World War I, in response to the need to rapidly assign new troops to duty stations. After the War the growing industrial base in the U.S. added impetus to industrial psychology. Walter Dill Scott, who was elected President of theRead MoreChild Centered Play Therapy3600 Words   |  15 PagesThe Effectiveness of Child Centered Play Therapy: A Non-Pharmaceutical Treatment Option for School-Aged Children Diagnosed with ADHD. William Wilson Wilmington University SOC 340-B1D02 August 19, 2011 Abstract Two research methods - an experiment and survey - were used to answer the research question asked: â€Å"How effective is Child-Centered Play Therapy (CCPT)? A non-pharmaceutical treatment option for school-agedRead MorePositive Psychology5612 Words   |  23 Pagesof Mental Health was founded. This arrangement brought many substantial benefits. There have been many advances in the understanding of and therapy fo mental illness, at least some disorders, previously taken as untreatable can now either be cured or considerable relieved (Seligman, 1994). On the downside the other two fundamental missions were forgotten. Thus psychology became a victimology. Human being were seen as passive foci on which external reinforcements either weakened or strengthenedRead MoreApplication of Observational Learning6241 Words   |  25 Pageshave to adopt a constructivist instructional design model. Different teaching strategies may have to combine. In any case, learning theories play explicitly or implicitly a major role in instructional design models and the educational technology field. Conversely, we may argue that no instructional model and no technology is innocent. They all view learning in certain way, i.e. from a very practical point of view they put constraints on what kinds of learning they support. Major schools of thought:Read MoreTemple Grandin3707 Words   |  15 Pagesthrough many social and relational difficulties and became the highly functioning member of society that she is today. She gives much credit to her mother as the reason for her adjustments. When Grandin was very young her mother placed her in speech therapy nursery school and hired a nanny to keep her interacting with others. Her nanny spent many hours engaging with her, but also allowed her a little bit of time each day to engage in autistic behaviors that Grandin called â€Å"calming† (Grandin, 2011, pRead MoreSignificance of Emotional Intelligence at Work Place7210 Words   |  29 Pagesthey re not calm during a crisis. Effective management has become a critical issue in the 21st century. One reason for this is because we live in a day and age where more corporations are downsizing in order to compete on the international playing field. The United States, once one of the most powerful manufacturing countries in the world, is now being transformed in an economy that is service based, and what this means is that interpersonal relationships must be emphasized above all else. 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Kant And Kant s View On Life And Most - 955 Words

â€Å"If you do what you need ,your surviving. If you do what you want, your living†. Philosophers Mill and Kant both share similarities and differences on their view on life and most of all on the meaning of a â€Å"good life. Mill bases morality on the principle of utility which states , that â€Å" actions or behaviors are right in so far as they promote happiness or pleasure , wrong as they tend to produce unhappiness or pain†. While Kant bases morality on the categorical imperative which is, â€Å"an unconditional moral obligation that is blinding in all circumstances and is not dependent on a person’s inclination or purpose†. Mill and Kant both join in their proposed first rule of profound quality a sort of all inclusiveness, for Kant’s situation that of confining one’s standards of activity to people who it can serve to be a widespread law of nature, for Mill’s situation considering the outcomes of a sort of activity for al l people. Both perceive transitional good guidelines , called by Kant â€Å"obligations† and by Mill â€Å"subordinate standards†. Accordingly the 2 philosophers have a 2 step origination of moral thought. A â€Å"basic level† that offered moderate good standards against the first guideline of profound quality and a performance stage that allows for settles on a choice in a specific case on the premise of the important good principles. The obligations to others perceived by Kant relate to the subordinate standards perceived byShow MoreRelated Ethical and Philosophical Questions about Value and Obligation977 Words   |  4 Pageshow can we view the philosophical ethics of Mill, Kant, Aristotle, Nietzsche, and the ethics of care? III For Mill, the question is what is the relation between his (metaethical) empirical naturalism and his (normative) qualitatively hedonist value theory and his utilitarian moral theory? One place we can see Mill?s empiricism is his treatment, in Chapter III, of the question of why the principle of utility is ?binding?, how it can generate a moral obligation. Compare Mill?s treatmentRead MoreKant And David Hume Views On The Matter1457 Words   |  6 Pagesreason and feel some sort of emotion. Objectively speaking, there is a no fine line between reasoning and how one feels, however there seems to be a distinct difference between the philosophers Immanuel Kant and David Hume views on the matter. Both are life changing philosophers with very opposing views. One sees the feelings in human nature while the other seems to see nothing but rationality. One can argue both are used but according to these two there is only one or the other dominating the brainRead MoreLying, By Jeremy Bentham1613 Words   |  7 Pagesit’s still hiding the truth from that person. Hiding something they deserve to know even though it may hurt them may also be a form of lying. 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Marks and Spencer Group Plc Free Essays

string(315) " main responsibilities include the assignment of tasks to employees, guidance and supervision of employees, ensure that quality and quantity of production is achieved, recommend and suggest changes with regards to employees and production to middle level managers for subsequent transmission to top-level managers\." Introduction The objective of this paper is to provide an analysis of how three important organisational theories are applied in practice at Marks and Spencer Group Plc, herein referred to as â€Å"Marks and Spencer†. The organisation is U.K giant retailer of clothing, apparel and food items. We will write a custom essay sample on Marks and Spencer Group Plc or any similar topic only for you Order Now Its shares are traded on major stock exchanges across the world and it is a member of the FTSE 100 Index. The paper looks at specifically how gender, organisational control theory and management theory are applied in practice at Marks and Spencer. The rest of the paper is organised as follows: section 2 provides a discussion of gender theory and how it is applied at Marks and Spencer; section 3 looks at Management and its application at Marks and Spencer; section 4 looks at Organisational culture and its application at Marks and Spencer; and section 5 provides conclusions and recommendations. Gender In the earlier years, the work force of many organisations was dominated by men. However, recent years have witnessed a dramatic increase in the labour force participation rate of women (Campo et al., 2004). Wagener et al. (1997) observes that the labour force participation rate of women has increased by 173 per cent since 1950. Despite the increase in the number of women in the labour force, evidence suggests that differences continue to exist between the experiences encountered by men and women at work (Reskin and Padavic, 1994; Valian, 1998). Many organisations are said to be characterised by gender inequality where women and men are treated differently. The main forms of gender inequality at work include differences in the types of jobs occupied by men and women, differences in pay between men and women and differences in leadership roles between men and women (Campo et al., 2004). The foregoing suggests that many organisations continue to practice gender segregation, which is defined as â€Å"the process whereby men and women work in different types of jobs and further that hobs where women predominate tend to be devalued† (Campo et al., 2004: 586). Most often women tend to have different experiences with respect to pay, promotion and decision making even in situations where women and men have the same job title (Messing et al., 1994). Women with the same education, job training and experience are offered less pay (Valian, 1998). In addition, most leadership positions are occupied by men (Wright, 1997). Catalyst (1998) provides evidence that 90 per cent of executive positions in top 500 firms are occupied by men. Despite the increase in the participation rate of women in the work force, most of the benefits associated with working accrue to men with a very limited amount of benefits accruing to women. Theory seems to suggest that women and men are treated differently in organisations. This paper provides an evaluation of gender inequalities at Marks and Spencer. At Marks and Spencer, job recruitment policies are the same for both males and females. There is no gender segregation with regards to who is qualified to apply for a job. In addition, Marks and Spencer does not segregate with respect to pay rates between males and females. All workers are treated the same when it comes to pay regardless of whether they are male or female. Consequently, the gender segregation theory proposed above appears not to be applicable at Marks and Spencer at least with respect to recruitment, training, selection, induction and pay. There however, seems to be some level of segregation when it comes to leadership roles. At Marks and Spencer, most executive positions are occupied by Men with very limited number of executive positions occupied by women. Secondly, the board of directors is dominated by men. This suggests that while Marks and Spencer does not segregate with respect to lower level roles, there is some level of gender segregation when it comes to high level positions such as being a CEO and chairman of the board of directors. Management Management is employed in organisations as a means of bringing people together and ensuring that they work to accomplish the objectives of the organisation through an effective and efficient utilisation of the organisational resources. Management has a number of functions which include: planning, organising, leading, staffing, controlling and directing. In order to effectively carry out these functions, most organisations have three principal levels of management. These include top level managers, middle-level managers; and lower level managers (Juneja et al., 2011). Top level managers are made up of the board of directors (BoD), the Board chairman, the vice chairman and the CEO. Top-level managers are responsible for determining the goals and objectives of the organisation as well as designing and appropriate strategy to achieve those goals and objectives. Top level managers also design company policies, as well as make decisions with regards to the direction of the business. Top level managers are also responsible for securing access to funds necessary for executing the strategic plans of the organisation (Juneja et al., 2011). Top level managers report to shareholders and are also accountable to the general public. Top level managers must have a detailed comprehension of the impact of competition, global economies, politics and sociological changes on the organisation’s effectiveness (Kleiman, 2010). Knowledge of these issues enables them to adapt the strategy of the organisation to changes occurring within and outside the environment. Middle level managers are usually regarded as general managers, branch managers and heads of departments. Middle level managers are responsible for making tactical decisions. They are the ones who execute the strategies set by top level managers. They are also responsible for transmitting information from top level managers to lower level managers so as to ensure that they are working towards the common goals of the organisation. Middle level managers report to top-level managers. Lower (first) level managers are responsible for operational decisions. They are made up of supervisors, team leaders and foremen. Members of this level of management are primarily concerned with controlling and directing other employees. Their main responsibilities include the assignment of tasks to employees, guidance and supervision of employees, ensure that quality and quantity of production is achieved, recommend and suggest changes with regards to employees and production to middle level managers for subsequent transmission to top-level managers. You read "Marks and Spencer Group Plc" in category "Essay examples" Marks and Spencer has all three levels of management. The company has a board of directors made up of executive and non-executive directors. The non-executive arm of the board is headed by the chairman who is also the chairman of the entire board. The CEO who is also a member of the board is in charge of the executive directors. The Board of Directors of Marks and Spencer are responsible for setting the strategic plans and monitoring and devising strategies to manage risks. Marks and Spencer operates a number of divisions such as clothing, food, and apparel. Each division is headed by a middle level manager. In addition, Marks and Spencer operates across different regions. These different regions are headed by branch or regional managers who can be regarded as middle level managers. These managers are responsible for making tactical decisions. Marks and Spencer also has first or lower level managers who usually operate as store managers. They are responsible for supervising and direc ting employees on a day-to-day basis. These managers report to the divisional and regional managers who in turn report to the top level managers. It can be observed that management at Marks and Spencer is consistent with the description of the different levels of management discussed earlier. Organisational Culture Organisational culture has been defined in a variety of ways. One of the most commonly cited definitions is found in Baumgartner and Zielowski (2007: 1323) who describes organisational culture as a concept that is â€Å"holistic, historically influenced, related to anthropological concepts, socially constructed, soft, and relatively stable†. A more comprehensive definition is found in Johnson et al. (2008: 189) who state that organisational culture is â€Å"the basic assumptions and beliefs shared by members of the an organisation, that operate unconsciously and define in a basic taken-for-granted fashion an organisation’s view of itself and its environment†. Lundberg (1990: 20) suggests that organisational culture can be regarded as what an organisation teaches and reinforces to its members as proper ways of perceiving, thinking, feeling and acting when carrying out organisational tasks as well as when faced with crises in the organisation. Organisational cultur e is a direct result of the internal and external environment in which the organisation operates (Baumgartner and Zielowski, 2007). An organisation’s emerging patterns of success are important foundations for its culture. Emerging patterns of success can be regarded as those actions and processes that have enabled the organisation to be successful (Baumgartner and Zielowski, 2007). Organisational culture is critical for the design and implementation of corporate and business level strategies. Organisation culture shapes the procedures of the organisation (Yilmaz and Ergun, 2008). Organisational culture enables an organisation to group its core competencies into a single group of competencies thereby enabling the organisation to better serve its customers (Yilmaz and Ergun, 2008). Strategy formulation and design depend on organisation culture in that factors such as creativity, innovation and organisational structure depend in part on the culture of the organisation (Judge et al., 1997; Martins and Terblanche, 2003). Any organisation that wants to remain competitive must be creative and innovative. These two components must be incorporated into the corporate strategy of the organisation. The organisational culture has a critical role to play in determining whether the organisation will be creative and innovative. In other words an organisational culture that promotes creativity and innovation is required if the organisation is to remain competitive. However, a culture that discourages creativity and innovation will result to poor performance (Martins and Terblanche, 2003). An organisation that wants to succeed must therefore adopt an organisational culture that encourages employees to be creative and innovative rather than a culture that discourages them from being creative and innovative. Organisational culture also impacts on strategy formulation in that it promotes internal integration and coordination. Internal coordination encourages new employees to socialise with existing employees. It also creates the boundaries of the organisations and a feeling of identity among members of the organisation (Martins and Terblanche, 2003). In order to successfully formulate and implement strategies, the organisation must conduct a cultural audit. This enables the organisation to understand its culture and thus assess its impact on the future strategy of the organisation. By so doing, the organisation can decide whether to change or continue with its existing culture (Johnson et al., 2008). An understanding of organisational culture also facilitates the ability of the organisation to successfully manage strategic change. The organisational culture of Marks and Spencer has the following characteristics: Paradigm: Marks and Spencer states that it is the best, sets the best standards, knows bests, occupies the middle ground, synonymous with high quality, and respects its customers. Power: the organisation is very powerful with deference to a male dominated top management. Organisation: the organisation is a mechanistic, bureaucratic, top-down and hierarchical organisation. control: top-down control in detail both of the stores and of suppliers; insistence on conformity. Rituals and Routines: There are a number of rituals and routines where every employee knows his or her place, the store layout and the atmosphere is like a familiar to everybody. Story: the company has build a legacy which can based on its history. For example Simon Marks. These legacy has enabled it to gain power over suppliers. Moreover, top management have authority over lower level staff. Symbols: Marks and Spencer has a number of brands (e.g., the St Michael Brand) which and symbolic to it. In addition Simon Marks and CEOs appear as father figures. Finally, all its stores are identical in appearance. It can be observed from above that Marks and Spencer has a traditional and formal way of doing things as reflected in its organisation culture. The organisation is characterised by a huge amount of self-confidence. The system is an internalised one where everybody knows his/her place and role in the organisation. The advantage with this type of organisational culture is that in times of success, the organisation will continue to deliver high quality products to customers as well as success to employees, shareholders, and other stakeholders. However, by maintaining such a traditional and formal way of doing things, the organisation runs the risk of not being able to respond to changes in the environment which may be required to turn things around during a downturn. Moreover, in addition to making it difficult to respond to changes in the environment, such a culture may prevent the firm from seeing an emerging change in the environment thereby making it impossible to respond to the cha nge. Conclusions and Recommendations The objective of this paper was to understand how Marks and Spencer deals with gender, management and organisational culture. With regards to gender, much of the theory suggests that there are more women in employment today and argue that organisations continue to practice gender segregation where women and men tend to have different experiences at work. However, a review of the practices of Marks and Spencer suggest that Marks and Spencer provides equal opportunities for both male and female employees. The only area which seems to comply with theory is the fact that Marks and Spencer’s top level managers are predominantly male which goes to show that Marks and Spencer practices some form of gender segregation when it comes to organisational leadership. As regards management, Marks and Spencer has three levels of management as suggested by theory. Top level managers are responsible for strategic decisions; middle level managers are responsible for tactical decision while lower level managers are responsible for operational decisions. With regards to culture, Marks and Spencer has a very rigid organisational culture which derives mainly from its history. The culture has enabled Marks and Spencer to be successful. However, given the rigid nature of the culture, the organisation may find it difficult to manage an imminent change if things start to go wrong. In order to reduce its gender bias especially with regards to leadership, the organisation needs to relax rules that govern selection of members of the board as well as other top level positions so as to make it easier for women to occupy these positions. With regards to its culture, the organisation needs to make things a little flexible so as to make it possible for the organisation to respond quickly to changes within its environment. References Baumgartner, R. J., Zielowski, C. (2007), â€Å"Analyzing zero emission strategies regarding impact on organizational culture and contribution to sustainable development†, Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 15, pp. 1321-1327. Campo, P. O., Eaton, W. W., Muntaner, C. (2004) Labor market experience, work organization, gender inequalities and health status: results from a prospective analysis of US employed womenSocial Science Medicine, vol. 58, Issue 3, Pages 585-594 Catalyst (1998). The 1998 Catalyst Census of Women Board Directors of the Fortune 500: Fact Sheet. Catalyst, 120 Wall Street, New York, USA. Johnson, J., Scholes, K., Whittington, R. (2008), Exploring Corporate Strategy, Texts and Cases†, 8th Edition, Prentice Hall, Financial Times. Judge, W. Q., Fryxell, G.E. Dooley, R. S. (1997), â€Å"The new task of RD Management: Creating goal-directed communities for innovation†, California Management Review, vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 72-85. Juneja, H. J. , First, H., and Prachi J.. (2011) â€Å"Management.† Management Study Guide. WebCraft Pvt Ltd, Kleiman, L. S. (2010) † MANAGEMENT AND EXECUTIVE DEVELOPMENT Encyclopedia of Business Martins, E. C., Terblanche, F. (2003), â€Å"Building Organisational Culture that stimulates Creativity and Innovation†, European Journal of Innovation Management, vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 64-74. Messing, K., Dumais, L., Courville, J., Seifert, A. M., Boucher, M. (1994). Evaluation of exposure data from men and women with the same job title. Occupational and Enviornmental Medicine, 36(8), 913–917. Reskin, B., Padavic, I. (1994). Women and men and work. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press. Valian, V. (1998). Why so slowThe advancement of women. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Wagener, D., Walstedt, J., Jenkins, L., Burnett, C., Lalich, N., Fingerhut, M. (1997) Women, work and health. Vital, Health Statistics, 3(31). Wright, E. O. (1997). Class counts, comparative studies in class analysis. Cambridge: University Press. Yilmaz, C., Ergun, E. (2008), â€Å"Organizational culture and firm effectiveness: An examination of relative effects of culture traits and the balanced culture hypothesis in an emerging economy†, Journal of World Business, vol. 43, pp. 290–306 How to cite Marks and Spencer Group Plc, Essay examples

Activity-Based Costing Essay Sample free essay sample

Activity-based costing ( ABC ) is an accounting method that allows concerns to garner informations about their operating costs. Costss are assigned to specific activitiesuch as planning. technology. or manufacturingnd so the activities are associated with different merchandises or services. In this manner. the ABC method enables a concern to make up ones mind which merchandises. services. and resources are increasing their profitableness. and which are lending to losingss. Directors are so able to bring forth informations to make a better budget and derive a greater overall apprehension of the disbursals that are required to maintain the company running swimmingly. By and large. activity-based costing is most effectual when used over a long period of clip. as opposed to shorter-term solutions such as the theory of restraints ( TOC ) . Activity-based bing first gained ill fame in the early 1980s. It emerged as a logical option to traditional cost direction systems that tended to bring forth deficient consequences when it came to apportioning costs. Harvard Business School Professor Robert S. Kaplan was an early advocator of the ABC system. While chiefly used for private concerns. ABC has late been used in public forums. such as those that measure authorities efficiency. HOW ACTIVITY-BASED COSTING WORKS Activity-based costing plans require proper planning and a committedness from upper direction. If possible. it is best to make a test survey or trial tally on a section whose profit-making public presentation is non populating up to outlooks. These types of state of affairss have a greater opportunity of wining and demoing those in charge that ABC is a feasible manner for the company to salvage money. If no cost-saving steps are determined in this pilot survey. either the activity-based costing system has been improperly implemented. or it may non be right for the company. The first thing a concern must make when utilizing ABC is set up a squad that will be responsible for finding which activities are necessary for the merchandise or service in inquiry. This squad should include experts from different countries of the company ( including finance. engineering. and human resources ) and possibly besides an outside adviser. After the squad is assembled and informations on such subjects as public-service corporations and stuffs is gathered. it is so clip to find the elements of each activity that cost money. Attention to detail is really of import here. as many of these costs may be hidden and non wholly obvious. As Joyce Chutchian-Ferranti wrote in an article for Computerworld: â€Å"The key is to find what makes up fixed costs. such as the cost of a telephone. and variable costs. such as the cost of each phone call. † Chutchian-Ferranti goes on to observe that even though in many cases engineering has replaced human labour costs ( such as in voice-mail systems ) . a concern director must still analyze the hidden costs associated with keeping the service. Nonactivity costs like direct stuffs and services provided from outside the company normally do non hold to be factored in because this has antecedently been done. Once all of these costs are determined and noted. the information must be input into a computing machine application. Chutchian-Ferranti explains that the package can be a simple database. off-the-rack ABC package. or customized package. This will finally give the company plenty informations to calculate out what they can make to increase net income borders and do the activity more efficient. After a concern has had adequate clip to analyse the information obtained through activity-based costing and determine which activities are cost effectual. it can so make up ones mind what stairss can be taken to increase net incomes. Activities that are deemed cost prohibitive can so be outsourced. cut back. or eliminated wholly in an attempt to do them more profitable. The execution of these alterations is known as activity-based direction ( ABM ) . POTENTIAL PITFALLS OF ACTIVITYBASED Costing Companies that implement activity-based costing run the hazard of passing excessively much clip. attempt. and even money on assemblage and traveling over the informations that is collected. Too many inside informations can turn out thwarting for directors involved in ABC. On the other manus. a deficiency of item can take to deficient informations. Another obvious factor that tends to lend to the ruin of activity-based costing is the simple failure to move on the consequences that the informations provide. This by and large happens in concerns that were loath to seek ABC in the first topographic point. In 1999. Gary Cokins wrote an article aimed at certified public comptrollers who have trouble encompassing activity-based costing. In â€Å"Learning to Love ABC. † Cokins explains that activity-based bing normally works best with a minimal sum of item and estimated cost figures. He backs this up by saying that â€Å"typically. when comptrollers try to use ABC. they strive for a degree of exactitude that is both hard to achieve and time-consumingnd that finally becomes the project’s buss of decease. † In 2000. Cokins wrote another article entitled â€Å"Overcoming the Obstacles to Implementing Activity-Based Costing. † In this work Cokins noted that â€Å"activity-based costing undertakings frequently fail because undertaking directors ignore the central regulation: It is better to be about right than to be exactly inaccurate. When it comes to ABC. near adequate is non merely good plenty ; close adequate is frequently the secret to success. † Cokins besides notes that the usage of mean cost rates. the usage of excessively detailed information. and the failure to link information to action can besides impede ABC undertakings. By understanding these constructs. Cokins feels that CPAs can heighten their functions as concern spouses and advisers. Another restricting factor is that activity-based bing package can be pricey. As Mark Henricks wrote in a 1999 article for Entrepreneur: â€Å"Most ABC practicians find that special-purpose ABC package is required to do the undertaking manageable. At $ 6. 000 and up for one bundle sold by ABC Technologies. package can add significantly to outlays for this type of accounting technique. There are. nevertheless. some pilot bundles available for $ 500. † Time can besides be a factor for concerns seeking a speedy hole. Henricks notes that â€Å"although some companies see consequences about immediately. it typically takes three months or so for most concerns to see the benefits of ABC. And depending on your merchandise or concern rhythm. it could take much longer. † ACTIVITY-BASED COSTING AND SMALL BUSINESSES It used to be that big corporations were the lone concerns involved in activity-based costing. Not so today. Service industries such as Bankss. infirmaries. insurance companies. and existent estate bureaus have all had success with ABC. But since its origin. activity-based costing has seemed to hold been more successful when implemented by larger companies instead than by smaller 1s. As Henrick noted. â€Å"Companies with merely a few merchandises and markets aren’t likely to acquire every bit much benefit from establishing costs on activities as companies runing with diverse merchandises. service lines. channels and clients. † But since puting up activity-based costing for a concern normally takes less clip for a smaller undertaking. a little concern that is diffident about the effectivity of ABC can see a simple trial plan to find whether it is right for them. Douglas T. Hicks is one expert who feels that the clip is right for little concerns to implement activity-bas ed costing. In a 1999 Journal of Accountancy article entitled â€Å"Yes. ABC is for Small Business. Too. † Hicks presented a instance survey for one of his clients. a little maker that builds constituents for the car industry. Yokels detailed how they were able to treble gross revenues and increase net incomes fivefold in a four-year span after following ABC. â€Å"Much of this betterment came from a profitable mix of contracts generated by a costing/quoting procedure that more closely reflects the existent cost construction of the company. † Hicks stated. â€Å"This has enabled the company to better the direction of its contracts. † Isolating and mensurating the cost of material motion and utilizing the information to warrant many operational alterations were other factors Hicks cited for the success his client had with ABC. Hicks besides noted a alteration in management’s attitude after the success of ABC: â€Å"On an of import but less touchable degree. management’s cognition of and attitude toward cost information have undergone a significant alteration. Where once directors had their ain manner of mensurating the cost impact of direction actions. they now measure those cos ts in a formal. unvarying manner. When directors contemplate alterations. they have a mental theoretical account that directs them toward alterations that genuinely benefit the organisation. † Hicks went on to state that â€Å"any little or midsize organisation can develop an ABC system. It doesn’t necessitate a great committedness of clip or fiscal resources. Nor does it necessitate the execution of particular package integrated into the general ledgerlthough for larger organisations that may be a benefit. It requires merely that direction position its operations through ‘the lens of ABC’ and make a theoretical account that will enable it to mensurate costs in conformity with that position. † Gary Cokins. manager of industry for a celebrated ABC package and services house. tends to hold with Hicks. In his book Activity-Based Cost Management: Making It Work. he proclaimed that â€Å"Within 10 to 20 old ages. everyone will hold some kind of ABC. It’s a affair of when. non if. à ¢â‚¬  Further Reading: Cokins. Gary. Activity-Based Costing: Making It Work. 1998.Cokins. Gary. â€Å"Learning to Love ABC. † Journal of Accountancy. August 1999. Cokins. Gary. â€Å"Overcoming the Obstacles to Implementing Activity-Based Costing. † Bank Accounting and Finance. Fall 2000. Chutchain-Ferranti. Joyce. â€Å"Activity-Based Costing. † Computerworld. August 1999. Henricks. Mark. â€Å"Beneath the Surface. † Entrepreneur. October 1999. Hicks. Douglas T. Activity-Based Costing: Making it Work for Small and Mid-Sized Companies. 1998. Hicks. Douglas T. â€Å"Yes. ABC Is for Small Business. Too. † Journal of Accountancy. August 1999. Lobo. Yane R. O. . and Paulo C. Lima. â€Å"A New Approach to Product Development Costing. † CMAhe Management Accounting Magazine. March 1998. SEE ALSO: Operating expense Costss ; Product Costing Beginning: Encyclopedia of Small Business.  ©2002 Gale Cengage. All Rights Reserved. Full right of first publication.

Sympathy In Wrights Native Son Essays - Native Son, Richard Wright

Sympathy in Wright's Native Son In Native Son, Richard Wright introduces Bigger Thomas, a liar and a thief. Wright evokes sympathy for this man despite the fact that he commits two murders. Through the reactions of others to his actions and through his own reactions to what he has done, the author creates compassion in the reader towards Bigger to help convey the desperate state of Black Americans in the 1930's. The simplest method Wright uses to produce sympathy is the portrayal of the hatred and intolerance shown toward Thomas as a black criminal. This first occurs when Bigger is immediately suspected as being involved in Mary Dalton's disappearance. Mr. Britten suspects that Bigger is guilty and only ceases his attacks when Bigger casts enough suspicion on Jan to convince Mr. Dalton. Britten explains, "To me, a nigger's a nigger" (Wright, Richard. Native Son. New York: Harper and Row, 1940. 154). Because of Bigger's blackness, it is immediately assumed that he is responsible in some capacity. This assumption causes the reader to sympathize with Bigger. While only a kidnapping or possible murder are being investigated, once Bigger is fingered as the culprit, the newspapers say the incident is "possibly a sex crime" (228). Eleven pages later, Wright depicts bold black headlines proclaiming a "rapist" (239) on the loose. Wright evokes compassion for Bigger, knowing that he is this time unjus tly accused. The reader is greatly moved when Chicago's citizens direct all their racial hatred directly at Bigger. The shouts "Kill him! Lynch him! That black sonofabitch! Kill that black ape!" (253) immediately after his capture encourage a concern for Bigger's well-being. Wright intends for the reader to extend this fear for the safety of Bigger toward the entire black community. The reader's sympathy is further encouraged when the reader remembers that all this hatred has been spurred by an accident. While Bigger Thomas does many evil things, the immorality of his role in Mary Dalton's death is questionable. His hasty decision to put the pillow over Mary's face is the climax of a night in which nothing has gone right for Bigger. We feel sympathy because Bigger has been forced into uncomfortable positions all night. With good intentions, Jan and Mary place Bigger in situations that make him feel "a cold, dumb, and inarticulate hate" (68) for them. Wright hopes the reader will share Bigger's uneasiness. The reader struggles with Bigger's task of getting Mary into her bed and is relieved when he has safely accomplished his mission. With the revelation of Mary's death, Wright emphasizes Bigger's future, turning Mary into the "white woman" (86) that Bigger will be prosecuted for killing. Wright focuses full attention on the bewildered Bigger, forcing the reader to see the situation through Bigger's eyes. He uses Bigger's bewilderment to represent the confusion and desperation of Black America. The author stresses that Bigger Thomas is a mere victim of desperation, not a perpetrator of malicious violence. Desperation is the characteristic Wright uses throughout the novel to draw sympathy for Bigger. A killer with a calculated plan for evading punishment would be viewed more negatively than Bigger, a confused young man desperately seeking a means of escape. His first poor decision after Mary's death is to burn her in the Dalton furnace. The vile and outrageous course of action taken by Bigger impresses upon the reader the complete disarray of his thoughts. Readers observe the absence of careful thought as Bigger jumps out the Dalton's window, urinating on himself, and as he frantically rushes from building to building, searching for shelter. However, Wright also includes actions that seem irreproachable despite Bigger's state of mind. His brutal murder of Bessie, the only character willing to help him, angers the reader. It is at that point that Bigger seems most immoral, but Wright again shows Bigger's helplessness. Wright contrasts the "insistent and demanding" (219) desire that enco urages Bigger to force intercourse with Bessie with the desperation that causes him to kill her. Even in the most immoral of acts, Wright finds a way to accentuate the difference between actions borne of depravity and those borne of desperation.. The ultimate desperation and hopeless nature of Bigger's future as the book closes and the

Satire on Global Warming Essays

Satire on Global Warming Essays Satire on Global Warming Paper Satire on Global Warming Paper I am proposing that the people of the world minimize their heat usage to the extreme. This means minimal heating in cars, houses, and the use of appliances that generate heat must be minimized. If everyone sacrifices this amount of heating, we can get the earth back down to a normal temperature. The use of hair dryers, curling irons, computers, copy machines, or any other electrical appliance which generates any amount of heat must be limited to an hour per day. At the present moment, most electrical machines r devices are kept turned on throughout the entire day, whether they are in use or just sitting somewhere producing heat, which in turn, is causing global warming. In recent news reports, 49 out of the 50 states have had snowfall in the same day. The only state that did not have snow was Hawaii. This means the typical hot states like Florida, Texas, and Alabama had snowfall. This is not normal, especially since this has been a repeated occurrence Global warming is causing chaos in the weather systems!!! This news should stop he people of the world in their tracks and cause them to change their ways immediately, but yet it does not. What will stop people in their tracks? When the world explodes because of too much global warming? This issue has gotten out of hand and it is time to end it. So, people of the world! It is your time to make a difference. Turn off the TVs, lights, and computers. Unplug the cell phones, hair dryers, and toasters. Use less electricity-sucking appliances which are heating everything up and join in the force to save the planet!

Entourage by Doug Ellin Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Entourage by Doug Ellin - Movie Review Example Vince's entourage consists of: Eric, his closest friend who acts as his manager; Johnny "Drama" Chase, his older brother, an avid cook and a struggling actor in his own right; and Turtle, who is simply living the high life riding Vince's coattails and serves as a chauffeur." (Entourage (TV series) Summary) The other main characters in the series include Vinces successful agent Ari, the publicist Shauna, and Emily. Thus, the characters of the series include Vince - played by Adrian Grenier, Eric - played by Kevin Connolly, "Drama" - Kevin Dillon, Turtle - Jerry Ferrara, Ari - Jeremy Piven, Mrs. Ari - Perrey Reeves, Lloyd - Rex Lee, Andrew Klein - Gary Cole, and Sloan - Emmanuelle Chriqui. This paper makes a reflective exploration of the characters, overall effectiveness, connectivity, design and execution of the series Entourage in order to determine the various factors that contribute to the overall success of the series. In a profound analysis of the characters in the series, it becomes lucid that the makers of the show have been careful in the creation of the major characters that are central to the entire plot of the series. The various episodes of the TV series revolve round the six major characters such as Vincent Chase, Eric "E" Murphy, Johnny "Drama" Chase, Turtle, Ari Gold, and Mrs. Gold, and these roles are played by successful actors. The hero, Vincent Chase is a young and upcoming A-list actor and this role is efficiently played by Adrian Grenier. Similarly, Kevin Connolly plays the role of Vince's best friend and manager and Kevin Dillon plays the role Vince's elder brother. Other important players include Jerry Ferrara, who plays the role of Turtle, Jeremy Piven, who plays Ari Gold, and Perrey Reeves, who takes the role of Mrs. Gold. These main characters, along with the supporting characters and the recurring characters, make the main actions of the series. Through the various actions a nd dialogues of these characters, this comedy-drama offers accounts about the Hollywood social and professional scene. As Gary Richard Edgerton and Jeffrey P. Jones maintain, "Entourage follows the HBO tradition of integrating narratives about the Hollywood social and professional scene with many guest appearances and jokes at the industry's expense." (Edgerton and Jones, 165) Therefore, the characters in the series Entourage offer convincing picture of the Hollywood lifestyle and deal with the theme of male friendship, especially through the the friendship between the four main characters. A careful analysis of the various elements in the series Entourage confirms that the overall effectiveness of the comedy is unquestionable and it is affirmed by the various awards and nominations won by the series including Emmy, Golden Globe etc. It is important to recognize that the series achieves success with regard to its cast and characters, plot, themes and characteristics etc. The theme of male friendship has been presented effectively through the relationship among the four important characters of the show and its significance over work becomes obvious to the audience. Significantly, the life in Hollywood is best presented through the various characters in the show, and the numerous celebrities who have guest-starred on the show offer convincing evidences to the life in Hollywood. "True to the Hollywood satire genre, "Entourage" is scattered with cameo appearances by famous people playing themselves. Alba's on

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Kingdom of Heaven Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Basic Concepts And Principles In Modern Musical Analysis Music Essay

Basic Concepts And Principles In Modern Musical Analysis Music Essay Abstract: this subject is fascinating through the interpretive possibilities that it opens. The accurate understanding and practice of Schenkers theories leads to a different perception of the music and to a natural way of performing. Therefore, we consider the schenkerian analysis not only a theory, but also a comprehensive way of understanding musical works. Schenkerian analysis provides a comprehensive view of music from the small to the large representing thus a great asset to hearing understanding and performance. Key words: musical analysis, Schenker, background, middle ground, foreground, prolongation, structure 1.  Introduction The schenkerian analyses are a method based on the theories of Heinrich Schenker whose purpose is to disclose the structure of a tonal piece, through musical notations. The basic principle in the structure of a piece for the Schenkerian analysis is showing hierarchical relationships amongst the notes of the passage through making reductions of the music and through a specialized symbolic musical notation that Schenker developed to demonstrate various techniques of prolongation. He considered that the deep, long-range structure of a piece of music has no particular rhythm, so the musical reductions of Schenkerian analysis are usually arrhythmic. Schenkerian analysis the long-range structure is defined Background (or fundamental structure, while the surface aspects of the music are the Foreground. One can state the idea that the background of a musical composition is arrhythmic or, rhythm is a characteristic of the musical foreground. In the most common way, the purpose of schenkerian analysis is to omit the unessential and to emphasize the important relations. 2. Basic concepts There are many methods of approaching the schenkerian analyses. Schenker, followed by Jonas, began by describing the essential structure of music: the triad and its linear unfolding through arpeggiation and through passing and auxiliary notes, in its most abstract form. Next, they discuss the forms that these structures could have in any musical context. Schenkers approach relies on the fundamental principles of the harmony and counterpoint. Allen Forte and Steven E. Gilbert, on the other hand, began by showing different apparitions of the arpeggiation, passing tones, etc. at the note-to-note level before showing the way to use these in order to create musical forms of greater proportions. Other music theorists, for example Felix Salzer and Carl Schachter, added to and spread Schenkers ideas. By the 1960s, Schenkerian analysis had begun to attract renewed interest, and by the 1980s, it had become one of the main analytical methods used by many music theorists. 2.1. Structural concepts Fundamental structure (Ursatz) is the representative progression of which all tonal pieces are hypothetically an elaboration that Schenker believed to be (along with a number of variants) the most basic expression of tonal music. It consists of the descending progression from , or in the upper part (Urlinie) over a bass progression (Bassbrechung) that emerges in the background as part of the fundamental structure. This progression represents one of the simplest contrapuntal expressions of the I-V-I unit. Schenker described the fundamental structure as a tension span, as the tension introduced by the initial is not resolved until the music reaches the final over the tonic. For Schenker, this tension span was what tied complex and various pieces of music into a single coherent work of art. Schenker considered that any piece of tonal music can be described as an elaboration of this pattern: tonal pieces generally start with I and the V I epitomizes the final perfect cadence of the piece. Nevertheless, in a longer piece, whole sections may prolong V (Schenker called this a tonicization of the dominant) and also, there may be other harmonic sections prolonged in between the initial I and the V of the final perfect cadence, the bass of the fundamental structure appearing in many different layers of a piece. The bass line is only a harmonic progression and Schenkers theory seeks to comprehend music in terms of a two-part contrapuntal structure. Layer or level (Schicht) represents the fundamental idea of Schenkerian theory that music consists of a series of layers of elaboration. Schenker suggests that simpler layers underpin the complex ones in almost the way in which a variation on a theme supports the surface of the music. Background (Hintergrund) refers only to the Ursatz form that covers a whole piece or movement. In some cases, one can use it to refer to the Ursatz and its immediate prolongations (like the initial ascent etc.) that are usually part of the first level of the middle ground. In theory, one simple progression that spans the entire piece is the foundation on which the composer created the entire piece. First-level Middle ground refers to the immediate prolongations of the Ursatz that Schenker restricts to a small number of strictly defined forms. The background sometimes refers to this level of the structure as elaborations. Middle ground (Mittelgrund) is the surface layer of a piece of music, the background being the deepest layer, of which the whole piece is understood to be an elaboration. The middle ground has a variable number of occurring layers that a Schenkerian analysis will identify between the foreground and background. Foreground (Vordergrund) is the surface layer of the music. Schenker regards music in terms of layers of elaboration from the profound structure to the surface. Prolongation refers to the elaboration of contrapuntal structures. Schenker considered that all tonal pieces are therefore, a prolongation of the Ursatz. The concept of prolongation lies at the foundation of Schenkers theory and is the most influential element of it. Using the basic principles of consonance and dissonance from species counterpoint, Schenker identifies a number of common linear units that he calls diminutions. Because diminutions must prolong a harmonic unit in Schenkers theory, only a note that is consonant with the prevailing harmony can generate a diminution. Prolongation is an extension through time (by an arpeggio, for example) in a piece of music of a harmonic unit (a chord or a note from that chord). Schenkers analyses, at their simplest level, show how linear units prolong harmonic units. Tonicization is the Schenkerian term for modulation. The use of this term highlights the fact that a tonal piece corresponds to a contrapuntal realization of the tonic. 2.2. Melodic concepts Fundamental descent (Urlinie) is the top line of the two-part Ursatz, comprising a note by note descent from , or to . The term reflects Schenkers belief that this archetypal descending motion underlines all tonal pieces. Primary tone (Kopfton) is the first note of the Urlinie (meaning the , or ). Finding the correct primary tone is an important aspect as it can make a considerable difference to the rest of an analysis. If the Urlinie appears is elaborated of an initial ascent, the Kopfton will not be found right at the beginning of the piece. Bass Arpeggiation (Bassbrechung) literally translates as breaking of the bass, but is more often referred to as the bass arpeggiation. The Bassbrechung is the I-V-I that support the Urlinie as part of the Ursatz, including all the elaborations of this pattern. The basic harmonic progression appears as contrapuntally elaborated, normally creating harmonic patterns such as I-III-V-I or I-II-V-I. Diminution refers to the embellishment of simpler musical structures beneath the surface of the music and describes the process of linear units prolonging harmonic ones. The process of analysis is partly one of looking behind the surface diminutions, but Schenker was more interested in a process of generation from background to foreground (composing-out). Schenker used the basic principles of consonance and dissonance from species counterpoint in order to identify a number of common linear units that he calls diminutions. His analyses, at their most simple level, show how these linear units prolong harmonic units. A theme and variations is a very good example of diminution, because in this genre, the theme supports increasingly complex figurations. Each variation is different but the presence of the theme beneath the surface of the music unifies the whole work. Arpeggiation (Brechung) is a simple elaboration that consists of notes consonant with the prolonged harmony. It is a single movement through notes from a harmony, in the same direction, prolonging a harmonic unit by arpeggiating the notes of the triad. An arpeggiation can only prolong a triad with the exception of the dominant seventh chord. This chord is universal in tonal music that in many situations it makes sense to treat it as a consonant sonority like the triad. In Schenkerian analysis, diminutions usually prolong a harmonic unit and a particular note from that unit. In the arpeggiation (where all the notes belong to the triad), just context could enlighten the main note that is being prolonged, although diminutions are always a prolongation of either their first or last note. The Schenkerian model is a dynamic one the diminution is not static but moves either to or from a principal note. Consonant Skip is a term used by Allen Forte and by some Schenkerian analysts to refer to simple two-note (or incomplete) arpeggiations, which usually constitute some sort of unfolding. The term refers to a particular diminution in which the voice leaps from one note of the harmonic unit to another note of the same harmonic unit. A consonant skip contains only notes from the harmonic unit that it is prolonging. In a Schenkerian analysis, diminutions generally prolong either a harmonic unit or a particular note from it. As in an arpeggiation, both notes from the consonant skip are belong to the triad of the harmonic unit, thus the prolonged note depends on the context. Neighbour Note (Nebennote) is a diminution in which a note is ornamented by a figure that moves stepwise to a note above or below the original note before returning to it. In other words, it elaborates a note of a chord through stepwise motion to and/or from a dissonance. Neighbour notes may also be incomplete (move to a note a step away and not return to the original note). A complete neighbour note moves stepwise a dissonance and back again. An incomplete neighbour note can move from the dissonance to the consonance or the reverse. Passing note (Durchgang) Some Schenkerian analysts recognize most passing note progressions as Linear Progressions (see separate entry). In order to be a true linear progression, however, the passing note must be the elaboration of a harmony. A passing note right at the foreground (surface) of a piece of music may not always fulfil this condition. Examples might be a chromatic passing note or a note that connects two surface harmonies. Mixture (Mischung) is the flattening or sharpening of scale degrees, the most common of which being to à ¢Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ­, which in the first level middle ground can change the mode of the piece from major to minor. It is ornamentation rather than a diminution because it does not derive from the rules of strict counterpoint. It describes the flattening or sharpening of scale degrees and it usually appears in the first level middle ground in connection with as shown below. It has the effect of changing the mode from major to minor and back again. Schenker most often uses the term mixture to refer to alternation between the major and minor third in a tonic triad. Linear progression (Zug) is the Schenkerian term for a passing note intensification that elaborates a specific harmony in the middle ground or foreground. Its first and last notes must be a part of the harmony at the end of the progression. A linear progression can be either ascending or descending, therefore it moves only in one direction. Schenker appreciates that the linear progression is the unfolding of a two-note interval made up of its initial and final note. In other words, the interval between these notes (first and last) gives a linear progression its name. The simplest linear progression is the passing note, which is dissonant as it passes from one consonant note to another. 3. Basic principles Heinrich Schenkers analytical approach of music engages looking beneath the surface of music in order to understand how it connects into larger spans. It is important for the performer to reflect on the direction and shape of the phrases, in a natural and logical way. At the basic level, one can understand Schenkers ideas as a formalization of his intuitive thinking that music should not be regarded as a series of notes, but in terms of larger-scale shapes and patterns. The basic method of Schenkerian analysis is to show how elaborations such as neighbour and passing notes, progressions and arpeggios group into forming music. These patterns do not appear only on the surface of the music but that they also span much larger fragments. Schenker regarded music like a superposition of layers/levels, the surface layer being the elaboration of a simpler layer beneath that surface. The surface of the music defines as the foreground, the deepest layer the background and those layers of elaborations in between refer to as the middle ground. In addition, an important feature of Schenkerian analysis is showing how melodic figures are elaborations of harmonies. The basic ideas stated by Schenker in his theory are quite simple, but the process of analysis is a complicated one, mostly because music itself is complex. Analysts that approached this kind of analysis found that it provides richly rewarding insights into the shape and structure of tonal music. Schenker is probably most famous for his suggestion that musical works are elaborations of the basic model that he called the Ursatz a two-voice reductive structure forming the basis for an analytical approach that emphasizes the essential simplicity of tonal music. It shows how pieces are contrapuntal elaborations of a tonic chord. Schenker stated that we could reduce a piece of music to the Ursatz, and we can explore the complexities of the piece by considering them in relation to this simple model. Some theorists (like Steven Porter (2002)) that approached schenkerian analysis referred to grammar in order to explain the principles of Schenkers theories, taking into consideration that notes and chords that belong to a musical phrase are like words into a sentence. One analyzes a word as a part of speech, having, in the same time, a function within the sentence. Felix Salzer (1952) introduced a concept that describes very well the schenkerian analysis: structural hearing. He considered that the understanding of tonal music is a matter of hearing, and the ear has to be trained to hear not only a succession of tones (sounds), melodic lines and chord progressions, but also their coherence and structural signification. Schenkers conceptions rely on an observation that represents the corner stone of his research: the distinction of the chord grammar and chord signification (Salzer, 1952). Chord grammar signifies the usual method of analysis, this being the most important feature of a harmonic analysis that has the purpose of status recognition of the chords in a musical piece. On the other hand, the study of chord signification shows his specific role in a phrase, or an entire piece. Schenker discovered that the roles that chords have are diverse. Two identical chords that appear in the same phrase can fulfil different functions. The signification and the function of a sound or of a chord depend on the direction of the movement and on the purpose, in other words on the context. Schenker made a distinction between structure chords and prolongation chords, by means of chord grammar and signification, taking into consideration the direction of music this being the main idea of his approach. Salzer considered that this method of understanding the movement of music represents the instinctive perception of a truly musical ear; this can be called structural hearing. The structural outline and framework work signifies the main movement to its goal, showing the shortest way to it. Nevertheless, the tension of music consists in modifications, expansions and elaborations called prolongations of the structure, and the artistic coherence rises if one understands their basic direction. The distinction between structure and prolongation led Schenker to a new conception of the functions of harmony and counterpoint in creating organic unity: not all chords are of harmonic origin, this statement having an effect on understanding the music. Schenkers harmony explains the tonal system like a group of major triads derived from the harmonic series, like a vertical aspect of music. His theories of counterpoint show the way that simple progressions can be ornamented following simple rules based on the succession of consonant and dissonant intervals, like a horizontal aspect of the music. In Free Composition (1953), Schenker explains the way that harmony and counterpoint combine in tonal compositions. Using the basic principles of consonance and dissonance from the species counterpoint, Schenker identifies a number of common linear units that he named diminutions, showing, by means of concrete analyses, the way that these linear units prolong harmonic units. The concept of prolongation is the base of the schenkerian theories and because the diminutions have to prolong a harmonic unity, just a consonant tone with the harmony can give rise to a diminution. Beside the structural and prolongation roles or the diverse functions that chords can have, they can have harmonic or contrapuntal importance. A chord performs a harmonic function in the context of a fundamental progression. Schenker considers that the term harmony should only refer to members of a harmonic progression; these are harmonies in the true sense of the word, because they connect based on a harmonic association (Salzer, 1953). Chords not based on harmonic associations are products of motion, direction, and embellishment and have a horizontal tendency. Harmonic chords are also structural chords (they constitute the structural framework), and the contrapuntal ones are chords of prolongation (they prolong and elaborate the space between members of harmonic progressions).

Social Issues in The House on Mango Street Essay -- essays research pa

The House on Mango Street: More than a Story In today’s world there are countless social problems. People are often treated as an inferior or as if they are less important for many different reasons. In The House on Mango Street, the author Sandra Cisneros addresses these problems. Throughout the story Cisneros does a thorough job explaining and showing how these issues affect the public. This novel is written through the eyes of a young girl, Esperanza, growing up in a poor neighborhood where the lifestyles of the lower class are revealed. Cisneros points out that, in today’s society, the expectation of women and their treatment, discrimination based on poverty, and discrimination because of a person’s ethnicity are the major problems in society. Sandra Cisneros often shows us how women are treated as subordinates in a patriarchal society. In society the way women are supposed to better themselves is by marrying. Often women marry at a young age which Cisneros condemns in The House on Mango Street by stating that her friend, Sally, should not have gotten married by saying: Sally got married like we knew she would, young and not ready but married just the same. She met a marshmallow salesman at a school bazaar, and she married him in another state where it’s legal to get married before eighth grade. She has her husband and her house now, her pillowcases and her plates. She says she is in love, but I think she did it to escape. (101) This excerpt shows how Cisneros believes that she should not have gotten married at a young age when she says that Sally is â€Å"young and not ready†. The author also reinforces how women too often get married â€Å"to escape†. Esperanza tells us that after the women get married they are suppos... ...me to think when the cop car pulled in the alley going just as fast. (24) This quote shows that in their society people often did the wrong thing, but the people did everything with a good intention and that they are not just evil. Sandra Cisneros ends up conquering the social issues that had oppressed her. The role of a woman was rejected through her remaining independent. By her becoming successful and getting out of poverty the discrimination towards impoverished people is overcome. Lastly, she overcomes the racism by writing about it so that people everywhere can realize that it is wrong. Throughout The House on Mango Street women’s roles and the way they are treated, the judging based upon wealth, and racism are major issues that Esperanza has to work to overcome. Works Cited Cisneros, Sandra. The House on Mango Street. New York: Vintage Books, 1991.

Substantive vs. Not Substantive

Class discussion is an important aspect of the learning process. In academic institutions, this activity is the common practice among education practitioners in order to stimulate the minds of their students. Through class discussion, an exchange of ideas, opinions and perspectives transpire. With this, participants are encouraged to vocalize their understanding on a particular subject matter which helps in honing their different skills and developing different types of intelligence.However, if a teacher is not properly conducting a discussion, there is a tendency for the students to respond with mediocre or below average answers or thoughts. To produce thorough analyses and an in-depth discussion, teachers should initiate an open-ended discussion which usually starts with a question that does not require a a right or wrong answer. Through this, students will not be apprehensive about sharing their ideas because the notion of being humiliated will be eliminated.Also, teachers should not hesitate to make follow up questions in order to test whether students were able to fully comprehend the lecture or lesson. Another strategy to create a great discussion is avoiding monopoly. Every participant should be given equal opportunities to express their ideas. This can prevent certain individuals from controlling the flow and content of the discussion. As a result, every aspect of the subject can be explored or analyzed. Furthermore, encouraging students to relate or apply the topic to their daily experiences can produce a meaningful discussion (Saskatoon Public Schools, 2008).Moreover, to differentiate substantive from non-substantive responses in a discussion, teachers must look at relevance, logic, substance and objectivity. The relevance of the response to the topic should be the primary quality to be reviewed to determine if it is substantial or not. Then, the significance of the answer to the topic. Find out whether the response is essential to the advancement of the topic. The more unusual the answer the better but it must be logical. Also, it is important to provide answers that are objective in order to minimize limiting one's knowledge about a particular subject matter.

Cell Membrane Lab Report Essays

Cell Membrane Lab Report Essays Cell Membrane Lab Report Paper Cell Membrane Lab Report Paper Time (min) Total Diameter (mm) Distance of Diffusion * (mm) Rate (mm/min) * 15 30 45 Potassium Permanganate 5 Celsius Methyl Blue 5 Celsius Total Diameter (mm) Distance diffused = diameter of each reading minus initial diameter Rate distance in mm/elapsed time (min) Double click the chart below. A spreadsheet will open. Enter the data from the table above into the spreadsheet in the areas provided. When you are finished, click into another area of the lab report. The spreadsheet will close automatically. Do not close the spreadsheet with the X in the upper right corner. What effect did temperature have on the rate of diffusion? How did molecule size affect the rate of diffusion? What happens to the rate of diffusion over time? Why? What can you conclude from this experiment? II. Osmosis Osmosis EXERCISE 2 Osmosis demonstration After 15 minutes, record the volume change in each tube. Seismometer Dialysis Tube Contents Beaker Contents Volume Fluid Moved Direction of Movement 2 Describe the net movement of water in seismometer 1 . Describe the net movement of the water in seismometer 2. How is the movement of water molecules related to the concentration gradient of the water? EXERCISE 3 Effect of solute concentration on rate of osmosis Subtract the beginning mass from the final mass for each of the five bags. Record the difference in the table below. Double click the chart below to open a spreadsheet and enter the results from the table above to complete the graph. When you are finished with your work, click into another area in the lab report to close the spreadsheet (do not use the X in the upper right hand corner). For visual purposes the answer key shows the chart only from 10 grams to 22 grams. Your chart will begin at 0 grams. Answer the questions below based on data displayed in the graph above. Was the direction of net movement of water in bags 1 to 4 into or out of the bags? Which bag gained the most weight? Why? Explain the results from bags 4 and 5. Viewing the data you entered in the table above, summarize the results for each bag. Summary Tonic of Bag/Beaker 3 4 5 Ill. Permeability of Membranes EXERCISE 4 Differential permeability Tube 3 is tested for starch. Tube 4 is tested for chloride ions. Enter the data from the lab exercise into the table below. Contents of Beaker Contents of Bag O min 60 min Starch Chloride Ion Which substances diffused through the dialysis membrane? How does dialysis tubing model the differential permeability of a plasma membrane? What physical property of dialysis tubing allows it to be differentially permeable? IV. Tonic Tonic Hypotonic Isotonic Hypersonic Turgid. Polynomials. Lists Lased Hemolytic Hemolytic Creation A. Tonic in Plant Cells EXERCISE 5 Polynomials in Elodea cells Label which sample is turgid and which is polymerase (Answer 1 in each column). Label the cell wall, central vacuole, plasma membrane, and chloroplasts on each slide. For a more detailed view of the slides below, increase the document size to 150% using the drop-down feature on the toolbar or look under mom in the view options of the menu bar.

Atonement -The Opening Chapter Essay Example

Atonement Atonement -The Opening Chapter Paper Atonement -The Opening Chapter Paper Essay Topic: Literature As stated by Geoff Dyer the opening of Ian McEwans Atonement is almost perversely ungripping Set to inform rather than attract the reader, the first chapter of the novel is seemingly boring and pointless, on first inspection. However on deeper analysis the opening is found to be effective in setting up the rest of the novel, and foreshadowing the tragic events that occur as a result of the crime committed on that hot summers day. The focus of the opening chapter is to explore and describe the novels main character, Briony, and the aspects of her personality that lead to the novels conflict and heartbreak. This chapter also introduces many of the novels other main characters and relates them to the novels key concerns. The most important function of the opening chapter is to explore the character of Briony. From the opening sentence of the novel Briony is established as an imaginative and idealistic young girl, whose dedication to writing is lightly humoured by McEwan the play was written in a two-day tempest of composition, causing her to miss a breakfast and a lunch. The seriousness Briony sees in missing a breakfast and a lunch highlights a girlish innocence and naivety, which evidently fades as the novel progresses, and Brionys views on life change. Up until this point Briony has lived a relatively protected life, away from the conflict of the outside world, giving Briony a sheltered view on life and relationships. This sheltered view of relationships is shown in this chapter through the characters of her play The Trials of Arabella in which the heroine marries her medical prince on a windy sunlit day in spring. To Briony the reality of some relationships, being conflict, heartbreak and possibly divorce, belonged in the realm of disorder, lost to the idea of a wedding and a dizzy lifelong union. Her fantasies allow her to create any world she wants in which falling in love could be achieved in a single word a glance and a crisis in a heroines life could be made to coincide with hailstones. This perfectly created world that Briony has the ability to construct is what causes her inability to understand that real life cannot be constructed in the same way as her stories, and ultimately leads to conflict later in the novel. As stated by McEwan earlier in the chapter she did not have it in her to be cruel however her ignorance of reality and her passion for fantasies lead to the crime for which she must spend the rest of her life atoning for. The major problems in the novel occur due to Brionys adult ambition to write stories competing with her child-like love of fantasies and being the centre of attention. This is shown when McEwan describes the steps Briony takes before allowing her finished pieces of writing to be read only when a story was finished, all fates resolved and the whole matter sealed off at both ends ould she bind the chapters with a piece of string, paint or draw on the cover, and take the finished work to show her mother. Brionys maturity in resolving all fates is contradicted by the child-like idea of painting on the cover and showing her mother her finished piece of work. This highlights the opening of the novel as a turning point for Briony in which she is beginning to experience the adult world, as her mother recognises ah, that hot smooth little body she remembered from its infancy, and still not gone from her, not quiet yet. The arrival of her fifteen year-old cousin, Lola, furthers Brionys transition into adulthood, as Lolas sophisticated and mature appearance gives Briony a constricting sensation around her sternum. This is symbolic of the maturity in which Briony wishes she has, the maturity to take control of situations like Lola controls the twins, and the maturity to be treated as and look like an adult. Briony feels patronised by Cecilias enthusiasm which she sees tainted with condescension and victimised by the advance of Lolas dominion. It is here, however, in the midst of her longing to become an adult that Briony slips back into her child-like self-pity and fantasises to run away, eat berries and be found by a bearded woodsman one winters daw, curled up at the base of the giant oak, beautiful and dead, and barefoot, or perhaps wearing the ballet pumps the addition of the ballet pumps, a childs addition,confirming Briony as being not yet prepared for the adult world. In addition to the above themes of fantasies and growing up, it is through Briony that McEwan introduces the idea of marriage and the importance of social class. Brionys portrayal of marriage and love in her stories is representative of societies expectations at that point in time. As shown through The Trials of Arabella it was not socially acceptable to fall in love with a wicked foreign count (or a man of lower social status) and family would only approve of a wedding with the medical prince (or a man of equal or greater social status). Furthermore, as Briony reflects on divorce later in the chapter, as an affliction which she did not regard as a proper subject and a mundane unravelling that could not be reversed she mirrors societys views on divorce. It is evident that divorce is a rarely spoken of subject in the upper-class society in which the novel is set, which is why the arrival of the cousins from the north evokes very little sympathy in Briony. Brionys opinions and characters though representative of the views and values of the entire society, more accurately represent the Tallis household. It is suggested later in the novel that the cause of the father, Jack Tallis continued absence may be due to an affair, however Emily Tallis rejects this idea preferring not to know why Jack spent so may executive nights in London. This ignorance of her husbands whereabouts is Emilys attempt at avoiding conflict and her way of making her marriage appear normal and happy. Emily is the character in the novel most preoccupied with society and the appearance of normality. This is reflected in the opening chapter when McEwan talks of her criticising the impulsive behaviour of her younger sister and lament the situation of her three children it is through this that she expresses her views on the ideal family being free of conflict when she states the children can stay provided, the parents ept their quarrels away from the house. However Emily is so preoccupied with her illness and having her house appear normal that she does not take the time to properly acknowledge Briony. The exception being when she reads Brionys stories/plays, for which Briony is the projects highest point of fulfilment. It is this longing and love of attention from her family that spurs Brionys passion for storytelling and fantasies and ultimately leads to the conflict that occurs in the chapters that follow. Geoff Dyers comment that the opening is almost perversely ungripping is true of the first chapter of Atonement, to an extent. Though the opening appears dull and unlike the expected introduction of a novel, it is, upon closer analysis and effective way of setting up the rest of the novel. Particularly through its exploration of the main character, Briony and her connection to the other characters and the novels key concerns.

Railroad Network after the Civil War Assignment

Railroad Network after the Civil War - Assignment Example This essay stresses that the major cause of the Great Migration was the Emancipation Proclamation. It freed the African American society from slavery and allowed for their social rights and freedom as outlined in the U.S constitution. Secondly some of the population moved as a result of pressure from Anti-abolitionist who refused to end the slave trade such as South Carolina, Texas, Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia and Florida. There witnessed increased cases of segregation in these states and widespread violence against the blacks. This paper makes a conclusion that the Korean War was directly responsible for speeding up the militarization of the Cold war. It gave the conflict a massive military dimension and emphasis. Major countries embraced the militarization process with a distinct possibility of a major attack from either side of the two blocks. The U.S entered into a significant rearmament and moved five divisions to Western Europe and urged the rest of the NATO alliance to follow suit. Sara Palin an Alaskan Governor chosen to be nominated for the running mate by the then presidential hopeful John Mc Cain of the Republican Party. During the end of the campaigns, many women changed their perception towards Palin and her ratings dropped significantly. Palin was a fascinating and bold choice for the republicans. However, it is undeniably that she had an unusually minimal success in fulfilling her obligation to assist clinched the presidency for the republican ticket.

Reflections on Federal Welfare Policy - Week 3 - Journal Coursework

Reflections on Federal Welfare Policy - Week 3 - Journal - Coursework Example The federal government further governs the unemployment insurance, a program that provides unemployed individuals with a source of income for about 26 weeks. I believe the policies are effective in eradicating poverty thereby creating a desirable society for every American. Labor relations remain contentious issues with the country lacking a holistic federal policy to govern the compensation of workers. The unpredictable labor relations are likely to affect my social welfare when should I migrate from one state to another. Despite such, I believe that the governments are doing their best in providing the populace with a better living condition. Such policies as the No child left behind act and the Obama care have for example succeeded in reducing the costs of education and health care, two of the most important yet equally costly social requirements. This way, the public enjoys lower costs of living (Meier & Wood, 2004). Furthermore, the social security act safeguards the future of Americans after retirement thereby ensuring that every citizen enjoys a comfortable life. This week’s readings have exposed me to a number of policies thus reinforcing my belief that the government is doing enough to safeguard the social security of the

Will be provide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Will be provide - Essay Example red to the flow loop since the level loop is just pegged on the level valve just as where the flow loop also depends on both the flow and level valve. The level sensor’s gain was recorded at 121.28% m. Rationally an increase in the level percent led to an increase in the level as the tank increased. The effects of the derivative, integral and proportional actions on the system were observed with the turning of the flow level trainer. It was established through the turning that the system responded faster with a gain in the system. Involvement of the integral led to a decreased and went from slow reactions to unstable ones. Addition of the derivative caused the higher rate to do an overshoot. Tuning rules are critical part of learning how to manage a system. In this section of the experiment, familiarization with the operation of flow level trainer as well as data V system was acquired. The set point reactions and tuning parameters of the flow as well as level loop were observed. The first tuning parameters of the system are as indicated in table 2.3.1. The reaction to a set point alteration of the flow loop was examined by setting the rate of flow to 2.5 USGPM and level set point to 50 %.There was time allowed for the system to be able to settle so that its water level and flow rates were approximately at the allocated set points. Recording was done for the positions of the level and flow valves. Thus, changes were made for the flow set point from 2.5 USGPM to 3.0 USGPM. The system’s response was examined by recording the new level and flow valve positions in table 2.3.2. There was observation of the response to a set point change of the level loop by setting tank water level to 60% as well as the flow set point at 3.0 USGPM. Once again the system was given time to settle with the recording of valve and flow positions being done. Thus there was a reduction of the set point to 30% from 60% and the new flow ad valve positions were put down in table 2.3.3 The